A conceptual framework for leader and leadership education and development

Conceptual frameworks for Leader and Leadership Education and Development guide the curriculum and assessment of students, faculty, and programs. This commentary defines leader and leadership and presents a leadership conceptual framework that includes four ‘C’ elements (FourCe)–Character, Competence, Context, and Communication–across four levels of psychosocial interaction–Personal, Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational (PITO). This FourCe-PITO framework delineates elements of leadership, considers interactions of these elements, guides curriculum content, and is the basis for assessments. The application of this framework is discussed for all levels of education.