@article{a7e21681dca64de0a1157db76330d860,
title = "Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS): Lifetime use and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people",
abstract = "Purpose: Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) are used to enhance muscle growth, athletic performance, and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to examine the lifetime use of APEDS and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people. Methods: Participants were cisgender sexual minority people (1090 gay men, 100 bisexual plus men, 564 lesbian women, and 507 bisexual plus women) recruited from The PRIDE Study in 2018 who reported lifetime APEDS use and completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Regression analyses stratified by gender and sexual orientation examined associations of any APEDS use with EDE-Q and MDDI scores. Results: Lifetime APEDS use was common across the four groups of cisgender sexual minority people (44% of gay men, 42% of bisexual plus men, 29% of lesbian women, and 30% of bisexual plus women). Protein supplements and creatine supplements were the most commonly used APEDS. Any APEDS use was associated with higher EDE-Q scores on one or more subscales in all sexual minority groups. Further, any APEDS use was associated with higher MDDI Total Scores in all groups; any APEDS use was associated with all MDDI subscale scores in cisgender gay men only. Discussion: APEDS use is common and associated with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in sexual minority men and women, thus highlighting the importance of assessing for these behaviors and symptoms among these populations in clinical settings.",
keywords = "Creatine, Eating disorder, LGBTQ, Protein, Sexual and gender minorities, Steroids, Supplements",
author = "Nagata, {Jason M.} and McGuire, {F. Hunter} and Lavender, {Jason M.} and Brown, {Tiffany A.} and Murray, {Stuart B.} and Compte, {Emilio J.} and Cattle, {Chloe J.} and Annesa Flentje and Lubensky, {Micah E.} and Juno Obedin-Maliver and Lunn, {Mitchell R.}",
note = "Funding Information: JMN is supported by the National Institutes of Health ( K08HL159350 ) and the American Heart Association ( CDA34760281 ). SBM was supported by the National Institutes of Health ( K23 MH115184 ). AF was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse ( K23DA039800 ). Research reported in this article was partially funded through a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute ( www.pcori.org ; PPRN-1501-26848 ) to MRL. JOM was partially supported by K12DK111028 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . The statements in this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, its Board of Governors or Methodology Committee, the Uniformed Services University, the Department of Defense, or the National Institutes of Health. Funding Information: We thank Matthew Capriotti for feedback and Samuel Benabou and Khushi Patel for editorial assistance. The PRIDE Study is a community-engaged research project that serves and is made possible by LGBTQ+ community involvement at multiple points in the research process, including the dissemination of findings. We acknowledge the courage and dedication of The PRIDE Study participants for sharing their stories, the careful attention of the PRIDEnet Participant Advisory Committee (PAC) members for reviewing and improving every study application, and the enthusiastic engagement of the PRIDEnet Ambassadors and Community Partners for bringing thoughtful perspectives as well as promoting enrollment and disseminating findings. For more information, please visit https://pridestudy.org/pridenet. JMN is supported by the National Institutes of Health (K08HL159350) and the American Heart Association (CDA34760281). SBM was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K23 MH115184). AF was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA039800). Research reported in this article was partially funded through a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (www.pcori.org; PPRN-1501-26848) to MRL. JOM was partially supported by K12DK111028 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The statements in this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, its Board of Governors or Methodology Committee, the Uniformed Services University, the Department of Defense, or the National Institutes of Health. Data from The PRIDE Study may be accessed through an Ancillary Study application (details at pridestudy.org/collaborate). The University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board approved this study on 2 February 2018 (#16-21213). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the university's Institutional Review Board and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors",
year = "2022",
month = jan,
doi = "10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101595",
language = "English",
volume = "44",
journal = "Eating Behaviors",
issn = "1471-0153",
}