TY - JOUR
T1 - Controlling the size and size distribution of gold nanoparticles
T2 - A design of experiment study
AU - Kumar, Dhiraj
AU - Meenan, Brian J.
AU - Mutreja, Isha
AU - D'Sa, Raechelle
AU - Dixon, Dorian
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Northern Ireland Department for Employment and Learning (DEL) under the Cross Border R&D Funding Program — \Strengthening the All-Island Research Base". The authors also wish to thank Dr Jeremy Hamilton and Joanne Manson.
PY - 2012/4
Y1 - 2012/4
N2 - The Turkevich method is the oldest and most widely employed protocol for the production of colloidal gold. Gold nanoparticles are nontoxic in nature and have potential applications in various biomedical fields including drug delivery and bioimaging. These metallic nanoparticles can be functionalized with drugs, targeting ligands such as tumor necrosis factor and groups (e.g., Poly ethylene glycol) to provide shielding from undesired immune responses. In this study we investigate the influence of process variables on the synthesis of nanoparticles by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl 4) solution with sodium citrate. A design of experiment (DoE) approach was used to investigate the influence of production volume, temperature, stirring rate and sodium citrate concentration on the physical properties of the nanoparticles namely size, size distribution, zeta potential and UV-Vis characteristics. The study showed that the relative amount of sodium citrate added (Au/citrate mole ratio) had a significant effect on the size, poly dispersity index (PDI), the number of peaks in the size distribution and the position of Lambda max in the UV-Vis spectra. By varying the Au/Citrate ratio it is possible to synthesize particles with average diameters from 20 to 80 nm. However, the use of low amounts of sodium citrate in order to produce particles larger than ∼35 nm tends to result in a wide bimodal size distribution.
AB - The Turkevich method is the oldest and most widely employed protocol for the production of colloidal gold. Gold nanoparticles are nontoxic in nature and have potential applications in various biomedical fields including drug delivery and bioimaging. These metallic nanoparticles can be functionalized with drugs, targeting ligands such as tumor necrosis factor and groups (e.g., Poly ethylene glycol) to provide shielding from undesired immune responses. In this study we investigate the influence of process variables on the synthesis of nanoparticles by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl 4) solution with sodium citrate. A design of experiment (DoE) approach was used to investigate the influence of production volume, temperature, stirring rate and sodium citrate concentration on the physical properties of the nanoparticles namely size, size distribution, zeta potential and UV-Vis characteristics. The study showed that the relative amount of sodium citrate added (Au/citrate mole ratio) had a significant effect on the size, poly dispersity index (PDI), the number of peaks in the size distribution and the position of Lambda max in the UV-Vis spectra. By varying the Au/Citrate ratio it is possible to synthesize particles with average diameters from 20 to 80 nm. However, the use of low amounts of sodium citrate in order to produce particles larger than ∼35 nm tends to result in a wide bimodal size distribution.
KW - Au/Citrate Mole Ratio
KW - Design of experiments
KW - Gold nanoparticles
KW - Size distribution
KW - Stirring rate
KW - Synthesis
KW - Temperature
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84862082453&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1142/S0219581X12500238
DO - 10.1142/S0219581X12500238
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84862082453
SN - 0219-581X
VL - 11
JO - International Journal of Nanoscience
JF - International Journal of Nanoscience
IS - 2
M1 - 1250023
ER -