Decellularization of mammalian tissues: Preparing extracellular matrix bioscaffolds

Biologic surgical mesh materials composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) have been successfully used to alter the host default response to injury, and induce functional, site-appropriate tissue regeneration. The choice of decellularization agents, techniques, and post-processing terminal sterilization steps will depend on the intended application, tissue type, and decellularization criteria. An overview of biological, chemical, and physical decellularization methods are presented, with a description of their mechanism and effect upon the ECM. The objective is to achieve cellular removal and sterility while best preserving native ECM structure and function. This balance of factors will ultimately determine the host remodeling response to the material.