Determinants of alveolar ventilation during high-frequency transtracheal jet ventilation in dogs

The effectiveness of transtracheal jet ventilation is a function of gas delivery pressure (drive pressure), duty cycle (insufflation time/total cycle time), and respiratory frequency. Nine dogs, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, were ventilated through a cricothyrotomy cannula using a controller that allowed separate setting of drive pressure, duty cycle, and frequency. PaO₂ and PaCO₂ were measured after achieving steady-state gas exchange at 15 to 22 different combinations of drive pressure, duty cycle, and frequency in each dog. There were slight increases in PaCO₂ and larger decreases in PaO₂ as frequency was increased from 10 to 200 cycle/min. Increases in drive pressure and duty cycle resulted in reduced PaCO₂ and increased PaO₂. Multiple linear regression showed good correlation between PaCO₂ and drive pressure, duty cycle, and frequency. The distribution of air flow between alveolar and physiologic dead space, upper airway leakage, and entrainment was determined for each set of conditions. Changes in alveolar ventilation corresponding to the blood gas changes resulted from interaction of dead-space ventilation and upper airway leakage, which varied with breath duration. Decreases in leakage during short breaths tended to compensate for the increased fractional dead-space ventilation at high frequency, thus minimizing the effects of frequency changes on gas exchange.