Development of a hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirion for rapid quantification of neutralization antibodies and antiviral drugs

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein (S)-pseudotyped viruses are commonly used for quantifying antiviral drugs and neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the development of a hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 (Ha-CoV-2) pseudovirion, which is a non-replicating SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle composed of viral structural proteins (S, M, N, and E) and an RNA genome derived from a fast-expressing alphaviral vector. We validated Ha-CoV-2 for rapid quantification of neutralization antibodies, antiviral drugs, and viral variants. In addition, as a proof of concept, we used Ha-CoV-2 to quantify the neutralizing antibodies from an infected and vaccinated individual and found that the one-dose vaccination with Moderna mRNA-1273 greatly increased the anti-serum titer by approximately 6-fold. The post-vaccination serum can neutralize all nine variants tested. These results demonstrate that Ha-CoV-2 can be used as a robust platform for the rapid quantification of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants.