Extremity trauma exacerbates acute kidney injury following prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension

Lusha Xiang*, Alfredo S. Calderon, Harold G. Klemcke, Ian L. Hudson, Carmen Hinojosa-Laborde, Kevin K. Chung, Kathy L. Ryan

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

7 Scopus citations

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The incidence of and mortality due to acute kidney injury is high in patients with traumatic shock. However, it is unclear how hemorrhage and trauma synergistically affect renal function, especially when timely volume resuscitation is not available. METHOD: We hypothesized that trauma impairs renal tolerance to prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into six groups: control, extremity trauma (ET), hemorrhage at 70 mm Hg (70-H), hemorrhage at 55 mm Hg (55-H), ET + 70 mm Hg (70-ETH), and ET + 55 mm Hg (55-ETH). Animals were anesthetized, and ETwas induced via soft tissue injury and closed fibula fracture. Hemorrhage was performed via catheters 5 minutes after ETwith target mean arterial pressure (MAP) clamped at 70 mm Hg or 55 mm Hg for up to 3 hours. Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze plasma creatinine (Cr), Cr clearance (CCr), renal oxygen delivery (DO2), urinary albumin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). RESULTS: Extremity trauma alone did not alter renal hemodynamics, DO2, or function. In 70-H, CCr was increased following hemorrhage, while Cr, renal vascular resistance (RVR), KIM-1, and albumin levels remained unchanged. Compared with 70-H, ET + 70 mm Hg exhibited increases in Cr and RVR with decreases in CCr and DO2. In addition, ET decreased the blood volume loss required to maintain MAP = 70 mm Hg by approximately 50%. Hemorrhage at 55 mm Hg and ET + 55 mm Hg exhibited a marked and similar decrease in CCr and increases in RVR, Cr, KIM-1, and albumin. However, ET greatly decreased the blood volume loss required to maintain MAP at 55 mm Hg and led to 50% mortality. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ET impairs renal and systemic tolerance to prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension. Thus, traumatic injury should be considered as a critical component of experimental studies investigating outcomes and treatment following hemorrhagic shock.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)S113-S123
JournalJournal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
Volume91
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 2021
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Trauma
  • acute kidney injury
  • hemorrhage
  • renal function
  • shock

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