Impact of social determinants of health on causes of ophthalmic trauma: A narrative review

Ophthalmic trauma (OT) is a leading cause of monocular vision loss that preferentially affects certain populations. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss the impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on the prevalence and outcomes of OT. We conducted a literature search to identify studies published between 2019 and 2024 that discuss the impact of SDOH on OT. A total of 92 studies were included. Overall, males, particularly those of younger and working age groups, are most commonly affected with OT, with assault-, firearm-, and occupation-related injuries being the most frequent. In comparison, falls and intimate partner violence are the most common causes of OT in women. Children are more prone to toys, sports, and firework-related injuries, while falls represent the leading cause in elderly and frequently results in open globe injury. Black and Hispanic individuals suffer disproportionately from assault- and firearm-related injuries. Unemployed individuals, those of rural residence or of low socioeconomic status have higher rates of OT. Our review underscores the impact of demographic, social, and economic factors on the risk and outcomes of OT and its subtypes. Only by understanding the patterns, targeted interventions and policy changes can be undertaken to address these disparities.