Invasive Mould Infections Following Combat-Related Injuries—A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Available data on combat wound-related invasive mould infections (IMIs) are limited. Objectives: We aimed to describe the characteristics and outcomes of IMIs in casualties of a recent conflict. Patients/Methods: A retrospective study including hospitalised patients with combat-related injuries, fulfilling criteria for wound-related IMI based on Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study definitions. Patient and injury characteristics, management and outcomes are described and compared to previous cohorts. Mould isolates and susceptibility testing results, including the novel agent manogepix, are reported. Results: Overall, 31 patients (69 mould isolates) were included—resulting in an IMI incidence rate of 1.9%. Blast was the most common injury mechanism (71%), with limb amputations and abdominoperineal injuries in 35% and 45%, respectively. Mould cultures, obtained mostly from lower extremities wounds (62%), were positive in all patients. Most (68%) had poly-mould infections, with Aspergillus and Fusarium species predominating. Overall, non-susceptibility rates of > 50% to newer azoles and 38% to amphotericin B reflected the high proportion of Fusarium spp., A. terreus and A. flavus, with the lowest azole minimal inhibitory concentrations demonstrated with posaconazole. Manogepix displayed good in-vitro activity against all isolates, except for Mucorales species. Two patients (6.5%) died of disseminated IMIs and 19% required amputations. Patients with Mucorales had poorer outcomes (40% mortality/amputation vs. 19% for non-Mucorales). Conclusions: Combat wound-related IMIs are uncommon but carry significant morbidity and mortality. High susceptibility rates to manogepix were observed. Further studies are needed to evaluate optimal surgical approaches and the role of antifungal susceptibility testing in this setting.