TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk environments, race/ethnicity, and HIV status in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States
AU - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group
AU - Cooper, Hannah L.F.
AU - Linton, Sabriya
AU - Kelley, Mary E.
AU - Ross, Zev
AU - Wolfe, Mary E.
AU - Chen, Yen Tyng
AU - Zlotorzynska, Maria
AU - Hunter-Jones, Josalin
AU - Friedman, Samuel R.
AU - Des Jarlais, Don C.
AU - Tempalski, Barbara
AU - DiNenno, Elizabeth
AU - Broz, Dita
AU - Wejnert, Cyprian
AU - Paz-Bailey, Gabriela
AU - Taussig, Jennifer
AU - Johnson, Shacara
AU - Todd, Jeff
AU - Flynn, Colin
AU - German, Danielle
AU - Isenberg, Debbie
AU - Driscoll, Maura
AU - Hurwitz, Elizabeth
AU - Prachand, Nikhil
AU - Benbow, Nanette
AU - Melville, Sharon
AU - Yeager, Richard
AU - Dyer, Jim
AU - Novoa, Alicia
AU - Thrun, Mark
AU - Al-Tayyib, Alia
AU - Higgins, Emily
AU - Mokotoff, Eve
AU - Griffin, Vivian
AU - Sayegh, Aaron
AU - Risser, Jan
AU - Rehman, Hafeez
AU - Bingham, Trista
AU - Sey, Ekow Kwa
AU - Metsch, Lisa
AU - Forrest, David
AU - Beck, Dano
AU - Cardenas, Gabriel
AU - Nemeth, Chris
AU - Smith, Lou
AU - Watson, Carol Ann
AU - Robinson, William T.
AU - Gruber, De Ann
AU - Barak, Narquis
AU - Neaigus, Alan
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Centers and Disease Control and Prevention, and the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group: Atlanta, GA: Jennifer Taussig, Shacara Johnson, Jeff Todd;Baltimore, MD: Colin Flynn, Danielle German; Boston, MA: Debbie Isenberg, Maura Driscoll, Elizabeth Hurwitz; Chicago, IL: Nikhil Prachand, Nanette Benbow; Dallas, TX: Sharon Melville, Richard Yeager, Jim Dyer, Alicia Novoa; Denver, CO: Mark Thrun, Alia Al-Tayyib; Detroit, MI: Emily Higgins, Eve Mokotoff, Vivian Griffin; Houston, TX: Aaron Sayegh, Jan Risser, Hafeez Rehman; Los Angeles, CA: Trista Bingham, Ekow Kwa Sey; Miami, FL: Lisa Metsch, David Forrest, Dano Beck, Gabriel Cardenas; Nassau-Suffolk, NY: Chris Nemeth, Lou Smith, Carol-Ann Watson; New Orleans, LA: William T. Robinson, DeAnn Gruber, Narquis Barak; New York City, NY: Alan Neaigus, Samuel Jenness, Travis Wendel, Camila Gelpi-Acosta, Holly Hagan; Newark, NJ: Henry Godette, Barbara Bolden, Sally D’Errico; Philadelphia, PA: Kathleen A. Brady, Althea Kirkland, Mark Shpaner; San Diego, CA: Vanessa Miguelino-Keasling, Al Velasco; San Francisco, CA: H. Fisher Raymond; San Juan, PR: Sandra Miranda De Leo´n, Yadira Rolo´n-Colo´n; Seattle, WA: Maria Courogen, Hanne Thiede, Richard Burt; St Louis, MO: Michael Herbert, Yelena Friedberg, Dale Wrigley, Jacob Fisher; Washington, DC: Marie Sansone, Tiffany West-Ojo, Manya Magnus, Irene Kuo; Behavioral Surveillance Team. We would like to thank the NHBS participants for making this study possible. We also thank and acknowledge Mr. Scott Burris and Ms. Mona Bennett for their help documenting laws governing syringe access.
PY - 2016/3
Y1 - 2016/3
N2 - Introduction: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. Methods: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR %s) were estimated. Results: Black and Latino PWID were more likely tobe HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. Discussion: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.
AB - Introduction: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US. Methods: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory population attributable risk percents (e-PAR %s) were estimated. Results: Black and Latino PWID were more likely tobe HIV-negative if they lived in less economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino PWID to place characteristics. Discussion: Evaluations of structural interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from HIV infection.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84961669721&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0150410
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0150410
M3 - Article
C2 - 26974165
AN - SCOPUS:84961669721
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 11
JO - PLoS ONE
JF - PLoS ONE
IS - 3
M1 - e0150410
ER -