RobOCTNet: Robotics and Deep Learning for Referable Posterior Segment Pathology Detection in an Emergency Department Population

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a robotically aligned optical coherence tomography (RAOCT) system coupled with a deep learning model in detecting referable posterior segment pathology in OCT images of emergency department patients. Methods: A deep learning model, RobOCTNet, was trained and internally tested to classify OCT images as referable versus non-referable for ophthalmology consultation. For external testing, emergency department patients with signs or symptoms warrant-ing evaluation of the posterior segment were imaged with RAOCT. RobOCTNet was used to classify the images. Model performance was evaluated against a reference standard based on clinical diagnosis and retina specialist OCT review. Results: We included 90,250 OCT images for training and 1489 images for internal testing. RobOCTNet achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.00) for detection of referable posterior segment pathology in the internal test set. For external testing, RAOCT was used to image 72 eyes of 38 emergency department patients. In this set, RobOCTNet had an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82–0.97), a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI, 87%–100%), and a specificity of 76% (95% CI, 62%–91%). The model’s performance was comparable to two human experts’ performance. Conclusions: A robotically aligned OCT coupled with a deep learning model demonstrated high diagnostic performance in detecting referable posterior segment pathology in a cohort of emergency department patients. Translational Relevance: Robotically aligned OCT coupled with a deep learning model may have the potential to improve emergency department patient triage for ophthalmology referral.