Sinusitis in Immunocompromised, Diabetic, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients

Over the past several decades, medical advancements in transplantation and in the treatment of immunocompromised patients have led to increased survival in several patient populations including oncology and transplant patients, type 1 diabetics, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Not surprisingly, these patients are at increased risk for infectious complications. As the at-risk population continues to grow, sinusitis has become an increasingly recognized problem in these immunocompromised groups and presents unique challenges to the clinician in both diagnosis and management. Although each group differs in its acquired risk and the various impairments in the immune function, the importance of early recognition, diagnosis, and aggressive combinedmodality treatment is common to all immunocompromised patients.