TY - JOUR
T1 - Sport-Related Head Exposure Characteristics and Health Outcomes in Former Collegiate Athletes
T2 - A CARE Consortium Study
AU - Boltz, Adrian J.
AU - Lempke, Landon B.
AU - Syrydiuk, Reid
AU - Memmini, Allyssa K.
AU - Li, Chengyun
AU - Ren, Jie
AU - Perkins, Susan M.
AU - Harezlak, Jaroslaw
AU - Mosesso, Kelly M.
AU - Pasquina, Paul F.
AU - McAllister, Thomas W.
AU - McCrea, Michael A.
AU - Broglio, Steven P.
AU - for the CARE Consortium Investigators, the CARE Consortium Investigators
AU - Hoy, April
AU - Kelly, Louise
AU - Ortega, Justus
AU - Port, Nicholas
AU - Eckner, James T.
AU - McDevitt, Jane
AU - O'Donnell, Patrick
AU - D'Lauro, Christopher
AU - Susmarski, Adam
AU - Benjamin, Holly
AU - Kaminski, Thomas
AU - Buckley, Thomas
AU - Clugston, James
AU - Schimidt, Julianne
AU - Hazzard, Joseph
AU - Feigenbaum, Luis
AU - Guskiewicz, Kevin
AU - Mihalik, Jason P.
AU - Master, Christina
AU - Kontos, Anthony
AU - Putukian, Margot
AU - Rowson, Scott
AU - Lintner, Laura J.
AU - Miles, Christopher
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Written work prepared by employees of the Federal Government as part of their official duties is, under the U.S. Copyright Act, a “work of the United States Government” for which copyright protection under Title 17 of the United States Code is not available. As such, copyright does not extend to the contributions of employees of the Federal Government.
PY - 2026/4/14
Y1 - 2026/4/14
N2 - Background and Objectives – Sport-related head exposure characteristics (i.e., concussion history, sport contact classification, and total years of sport participation) are suggested to be associated with short-term and long-term health outcomes in competitive athletes. However, their relationship with intermediate health outcomes (specifically within 5 years of collegiate sport retirement) remains unknown. Therefore, we examined associations between sport-related head exposure characteristics and physical, mental, cognitive, and behavioral health measures among former collegiate athletes.Methods – Former collegiate athletes who completed a baseline evaluation between 2018 and 2021 and were evaluated within 5 years of collegiate graduation were included. Primary predictors included lifetime concussion history (0 [referent], 1–2, 3+), sport contact classification (unexposed [ref.], low, high), and total years of sport participation (continuous). Outcome measures collected included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), Neuro-Quality of Life cognitive domain (Neuro-QoL), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) symptom inventory, 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Twelve multivariable linear regression models with bootstrapping were constructed, with adjusted unstandardized beta coefficients (BAdj) and standard errors (SEs) estimated.Results – Overall, 3, 910 former collegiate student-athletes were examined; 48.6% were female, 73.0% attended a Division I school, 36.2% self-reported ≥1 lifetime diagnosed concussion, 38.1% participated in a high-exposure sport, and the median years since college graduation to assessment was 5.0. Independently, scores of BSI anxiety (BAdj = 1.24, SE = 0.36), BSI depression (BAdj = 0.88, SE = 0.37), global severity index [GSI] (BAdj = 2.66, SE = 0.91), PHQ-9 (BAdj = 1.34, SE = 0.40), PSQI (BAdj = 0.69, SE = 0.29), SCAT total symptom severity (BAdj = 5.14, SE = 1.31), and SF-12 mental composite score (BAdj = −3.39, SE = 0.83) were worse in athletes with 3+ concussions compared with athletes without a history of concussion. Athletes with 1–2 concussions vs no concussion history similarly had worse scores independently for BSI-18 GSI (BAdj = 0.88, SE = 0.35), anxiety (BAdj = 0.40, SE = 0.15), Neuro-QoL (BAdj = −0.97, SE = 0.36), PHQ-9 (BAdj = 0.77, SE = 0.19), PSQI (BAdj = 0.27, SE = 0.13), SCAT total symptom severity (BAdj = 2.13, SE = 0.55), and SF-12 mental composite score (BAdj = −1.80, SE = 0.41).Discussion – Lifetime concussion history was the most common predictor of adverse self-reported health outcomes compared with other exposure characteristics, within 5 years of collegiate sport retirement. Despite the associations, most former athletes remained within normal clinical levels during this early postretirement period.
AB - Background and Objectives – Sport-related head exposure characteristics (i.e., concussion history, sport contact classification, and total years of sport participation) are suggested to be associated with short-term and long-term health outcomes in competitive athletes. However, their relationship with intermediate health outcomes (specifically within 5 years of collegiate sport retirement) remains unknown. Therefore, we examined associations between sport-related head exposure characteristics and physical, mental, cognitive, and behavioral health measures among former collegiate athletes.Methods – Former collegiate athletes who completed a baseline evaluation between 2018 and 2021 and were evaluated within 5 years of collegiate graduation were included. Primary predictors included lifetime concussion history (0 [referent], 1–2, 3+), sport contact classification (unexposed [ref.], low, high), and total years of sport participation (continuous). Outcome measures collected included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), Neuro-Quality of Life cognitive domain (Neuro-QoL), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) symptom inventory, 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Twelve multivariable linear regression models with bootstrapping were constructed, with adjusted unstandardized beta coefficients (BAdj) and standard errors (SEs) estimated.Results – Overall, 3, 910 former collegiate student-athletes were examined; 48.6% were female, 73.0% attended a Division I school, 36.2% self-reported ≥1 lifetime diagnosed concussion, 38.1% participated in a high-exposure sport, and the median years since college graduation to assessment was 5.0. Independently, scores of BSI anxiety (BAdj = 1.24, SE = 0.36), BSI depression (BAdj = 0.88, SE = 0.37), global severity index [GSI] (BAdj = 2.66, SE = 0.91), PHQ-9 (BAdj = 1.34, SE = 0.40), PSQI (BAdj = 0.69, SE = 0.29), SCAT total symptom severity (BAdj = 5.14, SE = 1.31), and SF-12 mental composite score (BAdj = −3.39, SE = 0.83) were worse in athletes with 3+ concussions compared with athletes without a history of concussion. Athletes with 1–2 concussions vs no concussion history similarly had worse scores independently for BSI-18 GSI (BAdj = 0.88, SE = 0.35), anxiety (BAdj = 0.40, SE = 0.15), Neuro-QoL (BAdj = −0.97, SE = 0.36), PHQ-9 (BAdj = 0.77, SE = 0.19), PSQI (BAdj = 0.27, SE = 0.13), SCAT total symptom severity (BAdj = 2.13, SE = 0.55), and SF-12 mental composite score (BAdj = −1.80, SE = 0.41).Discussion – Lifetime concussion history was the most common predictor of adverse self-reported health outcomes compared with other exposure characteristics, within 5 years of collegiate sport retirement. Despite the associations, most former athletes remained within normal clinical levels during this early postretirement period.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105033326759
U2 - 10.1212/WNL.0000000000214783
DO - 10.1212/WNL.0000000000214783
M3 - Article
C2 - 41812086
AN - SCOPUS:105033326759
SN - 0028-3878
VL - 106
JO - Neurology
JF - Neurology
IS - 7
M1 - e214783
ER -