The future of organ and tissue transplantation: Can T-cell costimulatory pathway modifiers revolutionize the prevention of graft rejection?

Transplantation therapies have revolutionized care for patients with end-stage organ (kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreatic β-cell) failure, yet significant problems persist with treatments designed to prevent graft rejection. Antirejection therapies are not always effective, must be taken daily, and are both expensive and associated with well-known toxic effects. Recent advances have suggested that the immune system has more self- regulatory capability than previously appreciated. In this review, we discuss immune system function and new therapeutic agents that modify so-called costimulatory receptor signaling to support transplant function without generally suppressing the immune system.