Abstract
For the first few decades following the development and refinement of carotid endarterectomy in the 1950s through 1970s cerebral arteriography was the sole preoperative diagnostic modality and was considered the gold standard for carotid artery imaging. Cerebral arteriography, however, carries a risk of cerebrovascular events of 4% and permanent neurological deficit of approximately 1%.1 Noninvasive techniques such as oculoplethysmography (OPG), Doppler waveform analysis, and supraorbital directional flow were extensively studied, showed poor or no correlation with arteriography, and were deemed unreliable for surgical decision making.2,3
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Noninvasive Cerebrovascular Diagnosis |
Publisher | Springer London |
Pages | 147-153 |
Number of pages | 7 |
ISBN (Print) | 1852331283, 9781848829565 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2010 |
Externally published | Yes |